For centuries, the doctrine of free will versus pre-destination has haunted the church. Who actually chooses who gets to go to heaven? Is it us? Or is it God who chooses for us? Arminians claim that Adam and Eve were the only two people in history who really had free will. Calvinists say that not even Adam and Eve had free will. In both lines of thinking, though, nobody from Adam and Eve on had or has free will. We can do nothing in and of ourselves to get to heaven. The image is of a God in heaven that sits there and picks at will whom He will give eternal life to, and others He condemns to Hell, and there is nothing we can do about it. Many people who don’t buy into this side of the coin believe we all have free will. We choose God, and we come to him at our will, not His. And there is scripture to back up both arguments.
Romans 9:15 says that “For He (God) says to Moses, ‘I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.’” In John 15:16, Jesus tells us that “You did not choose me, but I have chosen you.” In Genesis 18:19, God says this about Abraham: “For I have chosen him.” Did the 12 disciples choose Jesus? No, but Jesus chose the twelve. Even God’s people were chosen “from the beginning” (2 Thess. 2:13), and “before the creation of the world” (Eph. 1:4). In all of these verses, we see that God has pre-destined us. Matthew 11:27 has Jesus telling us that nobody can come to God unless he, the Son, chooses to reveal him (God). There are many other verses that also talk directly about the fact that we are pre-destined. There is no question, according to scripture, that God has pre-destined us.
There is also no question, according to scripture, that God leaves the choice in our hands. Look at Deuteronomy 30:11-19 tells us clearly that it is up to us. Verse 19 says, “This day I call heaven and earth as witnesses against you that I have set before you life and death, blessings and curses. Now choose life…” (emphasis mine). James 4:4 tells that “…Anyone who chooses to be a friend of the world becomes an enemy of God” (emphasis mine). Isaiah 56:4 says, “To the eunuchs who keep my Sabbath, who choose what pleases me…” (emphasis mine). I can quote scripture all day, but the point is clear. The choice is up to us.
According to Romans 9, God chose Isaac over Ishmael, and He chose Jacob over Esau, all before they were even born. Verse 18 says that “Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and He hardens who He wants to harden.” These verses seem to scream “predestination!,” and yet, that is in contradiction to all the verses where God, Jesus, Paul, and Peter all tell us to choose! So, how do we reconcile these differences in scripture? If the answer is pre-destination, that is, God chooses who goes to Heaven and who goes to Hell, and there is nothing we can do about it, this can greatly affect our view of a “loving” and “just” God. How can God blame us, then, for our wrongdoings, if He is the one in complete control? Yet, Romans 9:20 answers this when Paul chastises us: “But who are you, O man, to talk back to God? ‘Shall what is formed say to Him who formed it, “Why did you make me like this?”’ Does not the potter have the right to make out of the same lump of clay some pottery for noble purposes and some for common use?”
There are numerous arguments for pre-destination. Nobody is perfect, and we have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. For this, God sent His son to die for us. He sent His son to die for all men. The word “all,” though, can mean 2 different things: “all” without exception, or “all” without distinction. If Christ died for “all” without distinction, then certainly we can back up pre-destination. It means that Christ died for all races, all genders, and all social classes. God can still chooses to pre-destine people from each group for Heaven and Hell. Yet, how does fit into the picture of a just God?
Picture this, if you will: a judge has before him 100 proven convicts. They are all, 100% of them, guilty. If this judge were just and righteous, he would sentence them all to death. So he does. Just then, a man walks in the courtroom screaming. “WAIT!,” he says. He offers to pay the penalty for these convicts. The judge looks around, and accepts, but he still makes 50 of the convicts take the death penalty. Even though the man paid the penalty for all the men, the judge still sentences 50 of them to death. That is not justice. If the penalty was death, they all must pay. If someone comes in and offers to pay the penalty for all the men, the only just thing to do is to offer this choice to all the convicts: “Do you want to live or die?”
Pre-destination also does not fit into the picture of a loving God. The scriptures tell us that “He is willing that none should perish.” God is love, and you cannot deny that. It is written all over the scriptures. Justice is one aspect of God. Mercy is one aspect of God. Love, though, is what God is. He may have numerous names and countless facets and aspects, but at the center of God’s being, who God is, is love. A God who is love and exudes love and teaches love more than anything would not, in His loving nature, condemn anyone to Hell without first giving them a choice. God’s primary motive is not to separate us into Heaven and Hell. God’s primary motive, even for creating us, was to have a relationship with Him. If you want to have a relationship with somebody, you do not send him or her away without offering the relationship. I can, by the way, compare us to God in this aspect, because we are created in God’s image, not just physically, but spiritually. As you get to know God’s character more and more, and as He speaks to you, you will know that this cannot possibly be what scripture is referring to when it talks about “pre-destination.” Pre-destination is not the pre-destination of souls. So what is it?
God pre-destined those who chose Him to be holy and blameless in His sight (Eph. 1:4). He also pre-destined those who chose Him to be adopted as sons and daughters (Eph. 1:5). Romans 8:29 says, “For those God foreknew he also pre-destined to be conformed to the likeness of His son.” Note the word “foreknew.” Paul does not say “chose,” because that is a different, and wrong, term. In John 15:19, Jesus tells us that he chose us, yes, but he chose us “out of the world.” This isn’t being chosen to be saved or damned; rather, he is telling us that we no longer belong to the world. This is why the world hates us. 1 Peter 1:1-2 talks about us, the believers, being chosen “according to the foreknowledge of God.” What does this passage tell us we are pre-destined for? We are pre-destined “for obedience to Jesus Christ.” According to John 15:16, Jesus Christ himself chose us, “to go and bear fruit – fruit that will last.” According to Matthew 22:14, “For many are invited, but few are chosen.” Notice that the invitation went out to everyone: “Go to the street corners and invite to the banquet anyone you can find.” (Matt. 22:9) The invitation went out to all people. Yet, Christ only chooses those who accept the invitation.
What does all of this mean in light of Romans 9? To begin with, God chose Jacob over Esau. This fell both to the individuals, and to the nations that would spring out of them. God made this decision before the twins were even born. When you take a look at Malachi 1:2-3, which Paul was quoting, the emphasis is on the nations born out of these 2. As with the twins, the nation born from Esau was not chosen to be channels of God’s revelation as the nation born from Jacob was. This is what was meant by God hating Esau, much like we are told to hate our mother, father, brother, sister, and our own life. It does not literally mean “hate,” only in comparison to how He treated Jacob and his nation. The election spoken of in these verses, 9:10-13, was not salvation or damnation; it was speaking of the roles God had chosen for the individuals and the nations. In verse 15, Paul reminds us of God’s word to Moses, about how He will have mercy and compassion on whomever He chooses. God said this to Moses after the sin of the golden calf. The nation of Israel certainly did not deserve the mercy of God, though God was telling Moses that He could pour out wrath or mercy as He chose, because Israel had chosen their sin and their god.
Now we get to Pharaoh. God says the “I raised you up for this very purpose.” This does not mean that God made Pharaoh a hard and stubborn man. The man who was Pharaoh would have been hard-hearted and stubborn whether he was in a settlement far away, if he was somebody’s servant, or whether he was Pharaoh. God did not choose for him to be heart-hearted; rather, God chose a hard-hearted man (he knew do to foreknowledge) to be Pharaoh, at that place, at that time. God knew He would need someone like that in that place, for when Moses got there, so God could show His power. God did not pre-destine Pharaoh’s response, nor his salvation v. condemnation. He pre-destined the man’s lot in life.
The next verse, verse 18, tells us that God has mercy on whom He wants, and hardens whom He wants. Yet, in the context of what Paul is telling us, God hardened Pharaoh’s heart only after Pharaoh had hardened his own heart. This is a mirror image of what Paul speaks to us in Romans 1. This has something to do with the wrath of God spoken on in Romans 1:18-31. Wickedness is not the cause of God’s wrath, but the consequence of it. Three times Paul shows this to us, in verse 24 (Therefore, God gave them over… to sexual impurity), in verse 26 (Because of this, God gave them over to shameful lusts), and verse 28 (Furthermore… he gave them over to a depraved mind). God’s wrath is due to thanklessness, as shown in Romans 1:21, and the consequence of this wrath is that God abandon’s you to your sin. This is what happens to Pharaoh, in a way. Pharaoh was turned over to his sin, and after he hardened his own heart (Exodus 7:13, 7:14, 7:22, 8:15, 8:19, 8:32, and 9:7), then and only then did God harden Pharaoh’s heart (Exodus 9:12). Even after this, though, Pharaoh was able to harden his own heart once again, in Exodus 9:34 and 35). Nowhere in scripture will you see God hardening a man or woman who was otherwise willing to seek after Him. God only hardens those who are too far gone and don’t have a chance anyway.
Romans 9:19 is directed at the man or woman who makes the objection rather than making an intelligent analysis of the man’s counter-argument. Romans 9:20-23 has to do with lumps of clay formed into pottery, and their usage. God is the potter, and we are the clay. Verses 22 and 23 show us that some vessels are prepared for destruction while others are prepared for glory. If we are already biased towards pre-destination, these verses are extremely easy to interpret – God has prepared the vessels for either glory or destruction. Yet, the verses may imply something completely different: that the vessels, us, have prepared themselves for destruction. One version states “those who are the objects of His judgement and are fit only for destruction.” What this means is that at one time, these vessels were fit for better, but in whatever they did, they made themselves fit only for destruction. This may have involved his or her own sinful acts and rebellious nature. It could include an environment that made sin enticing. There are a number of factors, but the fact of the matter is that the vessel, which was otherwise useful, is now fit only for destruction.
Taking Romans 9 at face value can be difficult. Yet, when you dig deeper, take it in the context of the Bible, and take into account the fact that God is love, it can make sense. Paul is not saying that God chooses to send some people to Hell. What he is saying is summed up in verse 16: “It does not, therefore, depend on man’s desire or effort, but on God’s mercy.” We have no right to demand anything from God, including salvation. Luckily, God freely chooses to have mercy and offer us life, and it is now in our hands to accept or deny. A good illustration of this is a birthday or Christmas present. You have done nothing to deserve it. Yet it is being offered to you. It is now in your hands to open it or ignore it.